II.2. Evidence from researcher interactions with human participants
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Kristen Monroe
DA-RT and qualitative interview data
initiative. In 2014, American political scientists, led by Colin Elman and
Arthur Lupia, organized the DA-RT initiative to encourage greater data
access and research transparency. The goal was to make visible both the
logic of inquiry and the empirical foundation of research, and to allow
others to replicate test results. The idea seemed reasonable and, with
little public discussion of the practical implications, many top journal
editors quickly signed the joint statement endorsing DA-RT, e.g., APSR,
AJPS, BJPS, JCR, and the JOP. APSA’s leaders supported DA-RT and, despite
new expressions of concern in 2015 and panel discussions at the APSA
meetings in 2016, DA-RT is now being implemented by most journals. (POP and
Political Psychology are two exceptions.) There have been some minor
modifications proposed but when I wrote to several journals – chosen as
ones in which I have published or served on Editorial Boards, only one of
the journals I contacted who have signed onto DA-RT (Political Behavior)
noted an editorial policy sensitive to the needs of narrative data.
I believe strongly in sharing data and have always shared mine. Indeed,
many of my interviews are available, free of charge, via the UCI Ethics
Center website (http://www.ethicscenter.uci.edu). So I applaud the general
sentiment of sharing data and making clear the foundations of research.
Nonetheless, I strongly oppose the institutionalization of the DA-RT
initiative, as currently proposed, for three main reasons.
Kristen Monroe, UC Irvine
(1) Protection of human subjects. DA-RT’s provisions fail to protect the
privacy and rights of human subjects, especially vulnerable populations. If
someone asks to speak “on background” their interview should not be made
available to the public, yet the knowledge from that interview can quite
reasonably be used by the analyst. Interviews depend on trust and many
populations fear reprisals if they speak out publicly against political
leaders, regimes, etc. If a subject speaks with us on condition that we not
reveal their identity, or even their entire interview, we must respect that
request.
(2) Right of first use. DA-RT penalizes scholars who use qualitative data
by requiring they make their data sets available before the researcher has
fully edited or analyzed these qualitative data. (The editor of the AJPS
was the most adamant on this in my informal, small survey. But the APSR
also indicated that they would not consider a manuscript unless data were
made available within one year.) This is unreasonable. Some interviews are
given on the understanding that they will never be made public. Even when
the interviewee agrees, it takes a long time to fully edit an interview
transcript, to ensure all identifying or private statements are removed. To
stop and take the time to do such an edit – which cannot be given to a
graduate student to check, as can many quantitative data sets–means the
scholar then loses the time to do further analysis of the same data, or to
begin a new data analysis. (In my case, I did my first interviews for a
project in 1988. The last book utilizing these data was published in 2012.
Had I not been able to publish the analysis using these data before all of
the data were fully cleansed of identifying remarks, my last book would
never have been written. Further, some of the people I interviewed did not
want their interviews made public.) Other scholars are in the same or
analogous situations.
(3) DA-RT will limit political science’s ability to address fully important
political topics. If DA-RT becomes the standard in the discipline it will
impose extra burdens on scholars dealing with interview data, data that
often yield different substantive insights than can quantitative data.
Hence DA-RT is not only unfair to qualitative scholars; it also can harm
the fundamental structure of the discipline itself.
Kristen Monroe, UC Irvine
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